BoLT: A Benchmark to Democratize Black-box Optimization Research for Expensive LLM Tasks

We benchmark BoLT against an extensive range of BO and BBO methods, showing that selected BO methods consistently outperform others across tasks and highlighting gaps in existing BBO methods on LLM tasks, underscoring the need to modernize benchmarks for the BBO community. It comes from a paper posted to arXiv on 29 October 2026. Optimization of LLM training and inference configurations, such as hyperparameters, data mixtures, and prompts, is critical to performance, but it is often approached heuristically in practice, leading to potentially suboptimal outcomes. By framing them as noisy, expensive, and derivative-free optimization problems, Bayesian optimization (BO) and other black-box optimization (BBO) methods offer a promising yet underexplored direction for principled, sample-efficient methods. However, LLM training and inference costs are prohibitively high for most of the BBO research community, and new methods are often only evaluated on synthetic test functions and small-scale datasets that fail to capture the challenges of modern LLM optimization problems. This impedes the development of BBO methods and makes it difficult to assess their effectiveness on modern LLM tasks. We introduce BoLT, the first LLM-centric benchmark that democratizes LLM research for the BBO community. BoLT is released at https://github.com/chewwt/bolt. BoLT covers broad and well-motivated LLM optimization problems, involving multi-fidelity, multi-objective, heteroscedastic noise, and high-dimensional search spaces. Each problem in BoLT is grounded in real experimental data and made fully reproducible and accessible through lightweight surrogate models fitted to the results of thousands of real LLM experiments.

Why it counts

We benchmark BoLT against an extensive range of BO and BBO methods, showing that selected BO methods consistently outperform others across tasks and highlighting gaps in existing BBO methods on LLM tasks, underscoring the need to modernize benchmarks for the BBO community. We introduce BoLT, the first LLM-centric benchmark that democratizes LLM research for the BBO community.

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What is not known

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