Local or Escalate? Post-Training Expert Routing for Real-Time Duplex Speech Models

Compared with always using the expert, it reduces mean server time to first answer audio by 31.5 percent. It comes from a paper posted to arXiv on 3 November 2026. A full-duplex model should answer easy questions immediately, but hard questions often need stronger reasoning, which may require waiting. The challenge is to choose between these paths at the moment the model begins to speak. Recent systems learn related mode decisions through special-token generation inside the dialogue model, coupling routing to turn-taking and temporally annotated full-duplex training. We study a post-training alternative. We freeze MiniCPM-o 4.5, using only its speech input and output, and fit a logistic failure readout on hidden states already available at its native listen-to-speak transition. The resulting gate requires no additional model generation and exposes thresholds that can be retuned without changing the duplex policy. A probe fitted on text-input states also reads the states of spoken questions, including unseen human recordings. On the internal benchmark, selective handoff improves answer accuracy by 27.1 points. It also outperforms matched random routing across external speech question-answering pools, as well as a zero-shot GPT-5.4 mini router that rates the transcribed question. The training recipe also transfers to a second duplex model family. These results show that an existing duplex model can be equipped to answer easy turns immediately and wait for stronger reasoning or fresher knowledge on the turns that need it, without further duplex training.

Why it counts

Compared with always using the expert, it reduces mean server time to first answer audio by 31.5 percent. On the internal benchmark, selective handoff improves answer accuracy by 27.1 points. It also outperforms matched random routing across external speech question-answering pools, as well as a zero-shot GPT-5.4 mini router that rates the transcribed question.

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What is not known

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