AgentOrch: How Close Can Global Orchestration Come to Step-by-Step Interaction?

Global orchestration (Global) instead generates a complete executable workflow in advance and executes it without further LLM calls, substantially reducing inference overhead, but it remains less accurate than Step-by-Step. It comes from a paper posted to arXiv on 2 November 2026. Enterprise workflow agents typically rely on step-by-step interaction (Step-by-Step): the agent executes an action, observes its result, and invokes a large language model (LLM) again to decide the next step. We study how close Global can come to Step-by-Step and what narrows the remaining gap. We introduce AgentOrch, a benchmark that directly compares global orchestration with step-by-step interaction on 650 enterprise SOPs and 3,220 runtime variants under matched tools, environments, and evaluation. Step-by-Step remains more accurate for every evaluated model, but the gap has shrunk by about 79% from early models to the strongest recent model. We identify three routes to further narrowing this gap. Incremental workflow construction improves Global accuracy by an average of 9.98 percentage points (pp) without runtime execution feedback. Revising complete workflows with execution feedback improves all evaluated models, including 6.13 pp on held-out runtime variants. Targeted training on complete workflows improves accuracy by an average of 12.18 pp across all five trained models. Although a gap remains, global orchestration offers a promising path toward enterprise agents that deliver higher accuracy with fewer LLM calls.

Why it counts

Global orchestration (Global) instead generates a complete executable workflow in advance and executes it without further LLM calls, substantially reducing inference overhead, but it remains less accurate than Step-by-Step. Incremental workflow construction improves Global accuracy by an average of 9.98 percentage points (pp) without runtime execution feedback. Revising complete workflows with execution feedback improves all evaluated models, including 6.13 pp on held-out runtime variants.

Sources

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What is not known

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